Modify typing judgments to depend on a description of the types of objects in

memory instead of the whole memory itself.

This has the following advantages:
* Avoid parametrization in {addresses,pointers,pointer_bits,bits}.v
* Make {base_values,values}.v independent of the memory, this makes better
  parallelized compilation possible.
* Allow small memories (e.g. singletons as used in separation logic) with
  addresses to objects in another part to be typed.
* Some proofs become easier, because the memory environments are preserved
  under many operations (insert, force, lock, unlock).

It also as the following disadvantages:
* At all kinds of places we now have explicit casts from memories to memory
  environments. This is kind of ugly. Note, we cannot declare memenv_of as a
  Coercion because it is non-uniform.
* It is a bit inefficient with respect to the interpreter, because memory
  environments are finite functions instead of proper functions, so calling
  memenv_of often (which we do) is not too good.