program-logic.tex

\section{Program Logic}
\label{sec:program-logic}

This section describes how to build a program logic for an arbitrary language (\cf \Sref{sec:language}) on top of the base logic.
So in the following, we assume that some language $\Lang$ was fixed.
Furthermore, we work in the logic with higher-order ghost state as described in \Sref{sec:composeable-resources}.


\subsection{World Satisfaction, Invariants, Fancy Updates}
\label{sec:invariants}

To introduce invariants into our logic, we will define weakest precondition to explicitly thread through the proof that all the invariants are maintained throughout program execution.
However, in order to be able to access invariants, we will also have to provide a way to \emph{temporarily disable} (or ``open'') them.
To this end, we use tokens that manage which invariants are currently enabled.

We assume to have the following four cameras available:
\begin{align*}
  \InvName \eqdef{}& \nat \\
  \textmon{Inv} \eqdef{}& \authm(\InvName \fpfn \agm(\latert \iPreProp)) \\
  \textmon{En} \eqdef{}& \pset{\InvName} \\
  \textmon{Dis} \eqdef{}& \finpset{\InvName}
\end{align*}
The last two are the tokens used for managing invariants, $\textmon{Inv}$ is the monoid used to manage the invariants themselves.

We assume that at the beginning of the verification, instances named $\gname_{\textmon{State}}$, $\gname_{\textmon{Inv}}$, $\gname_{\textmon{En}}$ and $\gname_{\textmon{Dis}}$ of these cameras have been created, such that these names are globally known.

\paragraph{World Satisfaction.}
We can now define the proposition $W$ (\emph{world satisfaction}) which ensures that the enabled invariants are actually maintained:
\begin{align*}
  W \eqdef{}& \Exists I : \InvName \fpfn \Prop.
  \begin{array}[t]{@{} l}
    \ownGhost{\gname_{\textmon{Inv}}}{\authfull
      \mapComp {\iname}
        {\aginj(\latertinj(\wIso(I(\iname))))}
        {\iname \in \dom(I)}} * \\
    \Sep_{\iname \in \dom(I)} \left( \later I(\iname) * \ownGhost{\gname_{\textmon{Dis}}}{\set{\iname}} \lor \ownGhost{\gname_{\textmon{En}}}{\set{\iname}} \right)
  \end{array}
\end{align*}

\paragraph{Invariants.}
The following proposition states that an invariant with name $\iname$ exists and maintains proposition $\prop$:
\[ \knowInv\iname\prop \eqdef \ownGhost{\gname_{\textmon{Inv}}}
  {\authfrag \mapsingleton \iname {\aginj(\latertinj(\wIso(\prop)))}} \]

\paragraph{Fancy Updates and View Shifts.}
Next, we define \emph{fancy updates}, which are essentially the same as the basic updates of the base logic ($\Sref{sec:base-logic}$), except that they also have access to world satisfaction and can enable and disable invariants:
\[ \pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \prop \eqdef W * \ownGhost{\gname_{\textmon{En}}}{\mask_1} \wand \upd\diamond (W * \ownGhost{\gname_{\textmon{En}}}{\mask_2} * \prop) \]
Here, $\mask_1$ and $\mask_2$ are the \emph{masks} of the view update, defining which invariants have to be (at least!) available before and after the update.
We use $\top$ as symbol for the largest possible mask, $\nat$, and $\bot$ for the smallest possible mask $\emptyset$.
We will write $\pvs[\mask] \prop$ for $\pvs[\mask][\mask]\prop$.
%
Fancy updates satisfy the following basic proof rules:
\begin{mathparpagebreakable}
\infer[fup-mono]
{\prop \proves \propB}
{\pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \prop \proves \pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB}

\infer[fup-intro-mask]
{\mask_2 \subseteq \mask_1}
{\prop \proves \pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2]\pvs[\mask_2][\mask_1] \prop}

\infer[fup-trans]
{}
{\pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \pvs[\mask_2][\mask_3] \prop \proves \pvs[\mask_1][\mask_3] \prop}

\infer[fup-upd]
{}{\upd\prop \proves \pvs[\mask] \prop}

\infer[fup-frame]
{}{\propB * \pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2]\prop \proves \pvs[\mask_1 \uplus \mask_\f][\mask_2 \uplus \mask_\f] \propB * \prop}

\inferH{fup-update}
{\melt \mupd \meltsB}
{\ownM\melt \proves \pvs[\mask] \Exists\meltB\in\meltsB. \ownM\meltB}

\infer[fup-timeless]
{\timeless\prop}
{\later\prop \proves \pvs[\mask] \prop}
%
% \inferH{fup-allocI}
% {\text{$\mask$ is infinite}}
% {\later\prop \proves \pvs[\mask] \Exists \iname \in \mask. \knowInv\iname\prop}
%gov
% \inferH{fup-openI}
% {}{\knowInv\iname\prop \proves \pvs[\set\iname][\emptyset] \later\prop}
%
% \inferH{fup-closeI}
% {}{\knowInv\iname\prop \land \later\prop \proves \pvs[\emptyset][\set\iname] \TRUE}
\end{mathparpagebreakable}
(There are no rules related to invariants here. Those rules will be discussed later, in \Sref{sec:namespaces}.)

We can further define the notions of \emph{view shifts} and \emph{linear view shifts}:
\begin{align*}
  \prop \vsW[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB \eqdef{}& \prop \wand \pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB \\
  \prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB \eqdef{}& \always(\prop \wand \pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB) \\
  \prop \vs[\mask] \propB \eqdef{}& \prop \vs[\mask][\mask] \propB
\end{align*}
These two are useful when writing down specifications and for comparing with previous versions of Iris, but for reasoning, it is typically easier to just work directly with fancy updates.
Still, just to give an idea of what view shifts ``are'', here are some proof rules for them:
\begin{mathparpagebreakable}
\inferH{vs-update}
  {\melt \mupd \meltsB}
  {\ownGhost\gname{\melt} \vs[\emptyset] \exists \meltB \in \meltsB.\; \ownGhost\gname{\meltB}}
\and
\inferH{vs-trans}
  {\prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB \and \propB \vs[\mask_2][\mask_3] \propC}
  {\prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_3] \propC}
\and
\inferH{vs-imp}
  {\always{(\prop \Ra \propB)}}
  {\prop \vs[\emptyset] \propB}
\and
\inferH{vs-mask-frame}
  {\prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB}
  {\prop \vs[\mask_1 \uplus \mask'][\mask_2 \uplus \mask'] \propB}
\and
\inferH{vs-frame}
  {\prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB}
  {\prop * \propC \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB * \propC}
\and
\inferH{vs-timeless}
  {\timeless{\prop}}
  {\later \prop \vs[\emptyset] \prop}

% \inferH{vs-allocI}
%   {\infinite(\mask)}
%   {\later{\prop} \vs[\mask] \exists \iname\in\mask.\; \knowInv{\iname}{\prop}}
% \and
% \axiomH{vs-openI}
%   {\knowInv{\iname}{\prop} \proves \TRUE \vs[\{ \iname \} ][\emptyset] \later \prop}
% \and
% \axiomH{vs-closeI}
%   {\knowInv{\iname}{\prop} \proves \later \prop \vs[\emptyset][\{ \iname \} ] \TRUE }
%
\inferHB{vs-disj}
  {\prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propC \and \propB \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propC}
  {\prop \lor \propB \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propC}
\and
\inferHB{vs-exist}
  {\All \var. (\prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB)}
  {(\Exists \var. \prop) \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propB}
\and
\inferHB{vs-always}
  {\always\propB \proves \prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propC}
  {\prop \land \always{\propB} \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \propC}
 \and
\inferH{vs-false}
  {}
  {\FALSE \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \prop }
\end{mathparpagebreakable}

\subsection{Weakest Precondition}

Finally, we can define the core piece of the program logic, the proposition that reasons about program behavior: Weakest precondition, from which Hoare triples will be derived.

\paragraph{Defining weakest precondition.}
We assume that everything making up the definition of the language, \ie values, expressions, states, the conversion functions, reduction relation and all their properties, are suitably reflected into the logic (\ie they are part of the signature $\Sig$).
We further assume (as a parameter) a predicate $\stateinterp : \State \to \iProp$ that interprets the physical state as an Iris proposition.
This can be instantiated, for example, with ownership of an authoritative RA to tie the physical state to fragments that are used for user-level proofs.
Finally, weakest precondition takes a parameter $\stuckness \in \set{\NotStuck, \MaybeStuck}$ indicating whether program execution is allowed to get stuck.

\begin{align*}
  \textdom{wp}(\stateinterp, \stuckness) \eqdef{}& \MU \textdom{wp\any rec}. \Lam \mask, \expr, \pred. \\
        & (\Exists\val. \toval(\expr) = \val \land \pvs[\mask] \pred(\val)) \lor {}\\
        & \Bigl(\toval(\expr) = \bot \land \All \state. \stateinterp(\state) \vsW[\mask][\emptyset] {}\\
        &\qquad (s = \NotStuck \Ra \red(\expr, \state)) * \later\All \expr', \state', \vec\expr. (\expr, \state \step \expr', \state', \vec\expr) \vsW[\emptyset][\mask] {}\\
        &\qquad\qquad \stateinterp(\state') * \textdom{wp\any rec}(\mask, \expr', \pred) * \Sep_{\expr'' \in \vec\expr} \textdom{wp\any rec}(\top, \expr'', \Lam \any. \TRUE)\Bigr) \\
%  (* value case *)
  \wpre[\stateinterp]\expr[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\val. \prop} \eqdef{}& \textdom{wp}(\stateinterp,\stuckness)(\mask, \expr, \Lam\val.\prop)
\end{align*}
The $\stateinterp$ will always be set by the context; typically, when instantiating Iris with a language, we also pick the corresponding state interpretation $\stateinterp$.
All proof rules leave $\stateinterp$ unchanged.
If we leave away the mask $\mask$, we assume it to default to $\top$.
If we leave away the stuckness $\stuckness$, it defaults to $\NotStuck$.

\paragraph{Laws of weakest precondition.}
The following rules can all be derived:
\begin{mathpar}
\infer[wp-value]
{}{\prop[\val/\var] \proves \wpre{\val}[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var.\prop}}

\infer[wp-mono]
{\mask_1 \subseteq \mask_2 \and \vctx,\var:\textlog{val}\mid\prop \proves \propB \and (\stuckness_2 = \MaybeStuck \lor \stuckness_1 = \stuckness_2)}
{\vctx\mid\wpre\expr[\stuckness_1;\mask_1]{\Ret\var.\prop} \proves \wpre\expr[\stuckness_2;\mask_2]{\Ret\var.\propB}}

\infer[fup-wp]
{}{\pvs[\mask] \wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var.\prop} \proves \wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var.\prop}}

\infer[wp-fup]
{}{\wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var.\pvs[\stuckness;\mask] \prop} \proves \wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var.\prop}}

\infer[wp-atomic]
{\stuckness = \NotStuck \Ra \atomic(\expr) \and
 \stuckness = \MaybeStuck \Ra \stronglyAtomic(\expr)}
{\pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask_2]{\Ret\var. \pvs[\mask_2][\mask_1]\prop}
 \proves \wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask_1]{\Ret\var.\prop}}

\infer[wp-frame]
{}{\propB * \wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var.\prop} \proves \wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var.\propB*\prop}}

\infer[wp-frame-step]
{\toval(\expr) = \bot \and \mask_2 \subseteq \mask_1}
{\wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask_2]{\Ret\var.\prop} * \pvs[\mask_1][\mask_2]\later\pvs[\mask_2][\mask_1]\propB \proves \wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask_1]{\Ret\var.\propB*\prop}}

\infer[wp-bind]
{\text{$\lctx$ is a context}}
{\wpre\expr[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var. \wpre{\lctx(\ofval(\var))}[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\varB.\prop}} \proves \wpre{\lctx(\expr)}[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\varB.\prop}}
\end{mathpar}

We will also want a rule that connect weakest preconditions to the operational semantics of the language.
\begin{mathpar}
  \infer[wp-lift-step]
  {\toval(\expr_1) = \bot}
  { {\begin{inbox} % for some crazy reason, LaTeX is actually sensitive to the space between the "{ {" here and the "} }" below...
        ~~\All \state_1. \stateinterp(\state_1) \vsW[\mask][\emptyset] (\stuckness = \NotStuck \Ra \red(\expr_1,\state_1)) * {}\\\qquad~~ \later\All \expr_2, \state_2, \vec\expr.  (\expr_1, \state_1 \step \expr_2, \state_2, \vec\expr)  \vsW[\emptyset][\mask] \Bigl(\stateinterp(\state_2) * \wpre[\stateinterp]{\expr_2}[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var.\prop} * \Sep_{\expr_\f \in \vec\expr} \wpre[\stateinterp]{\expr_\f}[\stuckness;\top]{\Ret\any.\TRUE}\Bigr)  {}\\\proves \wpre[\stateinterp]{\expr_1}[\stuckness;\mask]{\Ret\var.\prop}
      \end{inbox}} }
\end{mathpar}

% We can further derive some slightly simpler rules for special cases.
% \begin{mathparpagebreakable}
%   \infer[wp-lift-pure-step]
%   {\All \state_1. \red(\expr_1, \state_1) \and
%    \All \state_1, \expr_2, \state_2, \vec\expr. \expr_1,\state_1 \step \expr_2,\state_2,\vec\expr \Ra \state_1 = \state_2 }
%   {\later\All \state, \expr_2, \vec\expr. (\expr_1,\state \step \expr_2, \state,\vec\expr)  \Ra \wpre{\expr_2}[\mask]{\Ret\var.\prop} * \Sep_{\expr_\f \in \vec\expr} \wpre{\expr_\f}[\top]{\Ret\any.\TRUE} \proves \wpre{\expr_1}[\mask]{\Ret\var.\prop}}

%   \infer[wp-lift-atomic-step]
%   {\atomic(\expr_1) \and
%    \red(\expr_1, \state_1)}
%   { {\begin{inbox}~~\later\ownPhys{\state_1} * \later\All \val_2, \state_2, \vec\expr. (\expr_1,\state_1 \step \ofval(\val),\state_2,\vec\expr)  * \ownPhys{\state_2} \wand \prop[\val_2/\var] * \Sep_{\expr_\f \in \vec\expr} \wpre{\expr_\f}[\top]{\Ret\any.\TRUE} {}\\ \proves  \wpre{\expr_1}[\mask_1]{\Ret\var.\prop}
%   \end{inbox}} }

%   \infer[wp-lift-atomic-det-step]
%   {\atomic(\expr_1) \and
%    \red(\expr_1, \state_1) \and
%    \All \expr'_2, \state'_2, \vec\expr'. \expr_1,\state_1 \step \expr'_2,\state'_2,\vec\expr' \Ra \state_2 = \state_2' \land \toval(\expr_2') = \val_2 \land \vec\expr = \vec\expr'}
%   {\later\ownPhys{\state_1} * \later \Bigl(\ownPhys{\state_2} \wand \prop[\val_2/\var] * \Sep_{\expr_\f \in \vec\expr} \wpre{\expr_\f}[\top]{\Ret\any.\TRUE} \Bigr) \proves \wpre{\expr_1}[\mask_1]{\Ret\var.\prop}}

%   \infer[wp-lift-pure-det-step]
%   {\All \state_1. \red(\expr_1, \state_1) \\
%    \All \state_1, \expr_2', \state'_2, \vec\expr'. \expr_1,\state_1 \step \expr'_2,\state'_2,\vec\expr' \Ra \state_1 = \state'_2 \land \expr_2 = \expr_2' \land \vec\expr = \vec\expr'}
%   {\later \Bigl( \wpre{\expr_2}[\mask_1]{\Ret\var.\prop} * \Sep_{\expr_\f \in \vec\expr} \wpre{\expr_\f}[\top]{\Ret\any.\TRUE} \Bigr) \proves \wpre{\expr_1}[\mask_1]{\Ret\var.\prop}}
% \end{mathparpagebreakable}


\paragraph{Adequacy of weakest precondition.}

The purpose of the adequacy statement is to show that our notion of weakest preconditions is \emph{realistic} in the sense that it actually has anything to do with the actual behavior of the program.
There are two properties we are looking for: First of all, the postcondition should reflect actual properties of the values the program can terminate with.
Second, a proof of a weakest precondition with any postcondition should imply that the program is \emph{safe}, \ie that it does not get stuck.

\begin{defn}[Adequacy]
  A program $\expr$ in some initial state $\state$ is \emph{adequate} for stuckness  $\stuckness$ and a set $V \subseteq \Val$ of legal return values ($\expr, \state \vDash_\stuckness V$) if for all $\tpool', \state'$ such that $([\expr], \state) \tpstep^\ast (\tpool', \state')$ we have
\begin{enumerate}
\item Safety: If $\stuckness = \NotStuck$, then for any $\expr' \in \tpool'$ we have that either $\expr'$ is a
  value, or \(\red(\expr'_i,\state')\):
  \[ \stuckness = \NotStuck \Ra \All\expr'\in\tpool'. \toval(\expr') \neq \bot \lor \red(\expr', \state') \]
  Notice that this is stronger than saying that the thread pool can reduce; we actually assert that \emph{every} non-finished thread can take a step.
\item Legal return value: If $\tpool'_1$ (the main thread) is a value $\val'$, then $\val' \in V$:
  \[ \All \val',\tpool''. \tpool' = [\val'] \dplus \tpool'' \Ra \val' \in V \]
\end{enumerate}
\end{defn}

To express the adequacy statement for functional correctness, we assume that the signature $\Sig$ adds a predicate $\pred$ to the logic:
\[ \pred : \Val \to \Prop \in \SigFn \]
Furthermore, we assume that the \emph{interpretation} $\Sem\pred$ of $\pred$ reflects some set $V$ of legal return values into the logic (also see \Sref{sec:model}):
\[\begin{array}{rMcMl}
  \Sem\pred &:& \Sem{\Val\,} \nfn \Sem\Prop \\
  \Sem\pred &\eqdef& \Lam \val. \Lam \any. \setComp{n}{v \in V}
\end{array}\]
The signature can of course state arbitrary additional properties of $\pred$, as long as they are proven sound.
The adequacy statement now reads as follows:
\begin{align*}
 &\All \mask, \expr, \val, \state.
 \\&( \TRUE \proves \pvs[\mask] \Exists \stateinterp. \stateinterp(\state) * \wpre[\stateinterp]{\expr}[\stuckness;\mask]{x.\; \pred(x)}) \Ra
 \\&\expr, \state \vDash_\stuckness V
\end{align*}
Notice that the state invariant $S$ used by the weakest precondition is chosen \emph{after} doing a fancy update, which allows it to depend on the names of ghost variables that are picked in that initial fancy update.

\paragraph{Hoare triples.}
It turns out that weakest precondition is actually quite convenient to work with, in particular when performing these proofs in Coq.
Still, for a more traditional presentation, we can easily derive the notion of a Hoare triple:
\[
\hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propB}[\mask] \eqdef \always{(\prop \wand \wpre{\expr}[\mask]{\Ret\val.\propB})}
\]
We assume the state interpretation $\stateinterp$ to be fixed by the context.

We only give some of the proof rules for Hoare triples here, since we usually do all our reasoning directly with weakest preconditions and use Hoare triples only to write specifications.
\begin{mathparpagebreakable}
\inferH{Ht-ret}
  {}
  {\hoare{\TRUE}{\valB}{\Ret\val. \val = \valB}[\mask]}
\and
\inferH{Ht-bind}
  {\text{$\lctx$ is a context} \and \hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val. \propB}[\mask] \\
   \All \val. \hoare{\propB}{\lctx(\val)}{\Ret\valB.\propC}[\mask]}
  {\hoare{\prop}{\lctx(\expr)}{\Ret\valB.\propC}[\mask]}
\and
\inferH{Ht-csq}
  {\prop \vs \prop' \\
    \hoare{\prop'}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propB'}[\mask] \\   
   \All \val. \propB' \vs \propB}
  {\hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propB}[\mask]}
\and
% \inferH{Ht-mask-weaken}
%   {\hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val. \propB}[\mask]}
%   {\hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val. \propB}[\mask \uplus \mask']}
% \\\\
\inferH{Ht-frame}
  {\hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val. \propB}[\mask]}
  {\hoare{\prop * \propC}{\expr}{\Ret\val. \propB * \propC}[\mask]}
\and
% \inferH{Ht-frame-step}
%   {\hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val. \propB}[\mask] \and \toval(\expr) = \bot \and \mask_2 \subseteq \mask_2 \\\\ \propC_1 \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \later\propC_2 \and \propC_2 \vs[\mask_2][\mask_1] \propC_3}
%   {\hoare{\prop * \propC_1}{\expr}{\Ret\val. \propB * \propC_3}[\mask \uplus \mask_1]}
% \and
\inferH{Ht-atomic}
  {\prop \vs[\mask \uplus \mask'][\mask] \prop' \\
    \hoare{\prop'}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propB'}[\mask] \\   
   \All\val. \propB' \vs[\mask][\mask \uplus \mask'] \propB \\
   \atomic(\expr)
  }
  {\hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propB}[\mask \uplus \mask']}
\and
\inferH{Ht-false}
  {}
  {\hoare{\FALSE}{\expr}{\Ret \val. \prop}[\mask]}
\and
\inferHB{Ht-disj}
  {\hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propC}[\mask] \and \hoare{\propB}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propC}[\mask]}
  {\hoare{\prop \lor \propB}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propC}[\mask]}
\and
\inferHB{Ht-exist}
  {\All \var. \hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propB}[\mask]}
  {\hoare{\Exists \var. \prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propB}[\mask]}
\and
\inferHB{Ht-box}
  {\always\propB \proves \hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propC}[\mask]}
  {\hoare{\prop \land \always{\propB}}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propC}[\mask]}
% \and
% \inferH{Ht-inv}
%   {\hoare{\later\propC*\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\later\propC*\propB}[\mask] \and
%    \physatomic{\expr}
%   }
%   {\knowInv\iname\propC \proves \hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propB}[\mask \uplus \set\iname]}
% \and
% \inferH{Ht-inv-timeless}
%   {\hoare{\propC*\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propC*\propB}[\mask] \and
%    \physatomic{\expr} \and \timeless\propC
%   }
%   {\knowInv\iname\propC \proves \hoare{\prop}{\expr}{\Ret\val.\propB}[\mask \uplus \set\iname]}
\end{mathparpagebreakable}

\subsection{Invariant Namespaces}
\label{sec:namespaces}

In \Sref{sec:invariants}, we defined a proposition $\knowInv\iname\prop$ expressing knowledge (\ie the proposition is persistent) that $\prop$ is maintained as invariant with name $\iname$.
The concrete name $\iname$ is picked when the invariant is allocated, so it cannot possibly be statically known -- it will always be a variable that's threaded through everything.
However, we hardly care about the actual, concrete name.
All we need to know is that this name is \emph{different} from the names of other invariants that we want to open at the same time.
Keeping track of the $n^2$ mutual inequalities that arise with $n$ invariants quickly gets in the way of the actual proof.

To solve this issue, instead of remembering the exact name picked for an invariant, we will keep track of the \emph{namespace} the invariant was allocated in.
Namespaces are sets of invariants, following a tree-like structure:
Think of the name of an invariant as a sequence of identifiers, much like a fully qualified Java class name.
A \emph{namespace} $\namesp$ then is like a Java package: it is a sequence of identifiers that we think of as \emph{containing} all invariant names that begin with this sequence. For example, \texttt{org.mpi-sws.iris} is a namespace containing the invariant name \texttt{org.mpi-sws.iris.heap}.

The crux is that all namespaces contain infinitely many invariants, and hence we can \emph{freely pick} the namespace an invariant is allocated in -- no further, unpredictable choice has to be made.
Furthermore, we will often know that namespaces are \emph{disjoint} just by looking at them.
The namespaces $\namesp.\texttt{iris}$ and $\namesp.\texttt{gps}$ are disjoint no matter the choice of $\namesp$.
As a result, there is often no need to track disjointness of namespaces, we just have to pick the namespaces that we allocate our invariants in accordingly.

Formally speaking, let $\namesp \in \textlog{InvNamesp} \eqdef \List(\nat)$ be the type of \emph{invariant namespaces}.
We use the notation $\namesp.\iname$ for the namespace $[\iname] \dplus \namesp$.
(In other words, the list is ``backwards''. This is because cons-ing to the list, like the dot does above, is easier to deal with in Coq than appending at the end.)

The elements of a namespaces are \emph{structured invariant names} (think: Java fully qualified class name).
They, too, are lists of $\nat$, the same type as namespaces.
In order to connect this up to the definitions of \Sref{sec:invariants}, we need a way to map structued invariant names to $\InvName$, the type of ``plain'' invariant names.
Any injective mapping $\textlog{namesp\_inj}$ will do; and such a mapping has to exist because $\List(\nat)$ is countable and $\InvName$ is infinite.
Whenever needed, we (usually implicitly) coerce $\namesp$ to its encoded suffix-closure, \ie to the set of encoded structured invariant names contained in the namespace: \[\namecl\namesp \eqdef \setComp{\iname}{\Exists \namesp'. \iname = \textlog{namesp\_inj}(\namesp' \dplus \namesp)}\]

We will overload the notation for invariant propositions for using namespaces instead of names:
\[ \knowInv\namesp\prop \eqdef \Exists \iname \in \namecl\namesp. \knowInv\iname{\prop} \]
We can now derive the following rules (this involves unfolding the definition of fancy updates):
\begin{mathpar}
  \axiomH{inv-persist}{\knowInv\namesp\prop \proves \always\knowInv\namesp\prop}

  \axiomH{inv-alloc}{\later\prop \proves \pvs[\emptyset] \knowInv\namesp\prop}

  \inferH{inv-open}
  {\namesp \subseteq \mask}
  {\knowInv\namesp\prop \vs[\mask][\mask\setminus\namesp] \later\prop * (\later\prop \vsW[\mask\setminus\namesp][\mask] \TRUE)}

  \inferH{inv-open-timeless}
  {\namesp \subseteq \mask \and \timeless\prop}
  {\knowInv\namesp\prop \vs[\mask][\mask\setminus\namesp] \prop * (\prop \vsW[\mask\setminus\namesp][\mask] \TRUE)}
\end{mathpar}

\subsection{Accessors}

The two rules \ruleref{inv-open} and \ruleref{inv-open-timeless} above may look a little surprising, in the sense that it is not clear on first sight how they would be applied.
The rules are the first \emph{accessors} that show up in this document.
Accessors are propositions of the form
\[ \prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \Exists\var. \propB * (\All\varB. \propB' \vsW[\mask_2][\mask_1] \propC) \]

One way to think about such propositions is as follows:
Given some accessor, if during our verification we have the proposition $\prop$ and the mask $\mask_1$ available, we can use the accessor to \emph{access} $\propB$ and obtain the witness $\var$.
We call this \emph{opening} the accessor, and it changes the mask to $\mask_2$.
Additionally, opening the accessor provides us with $\All\varB. \propB' \vsW[\mask_2][\mask_1] \propC$, a \emph{linear view shift} (\ie a view shift that can only be used once).
This linear view shift tells us that in order to \emph{close} the accessor again and go back to mask $\mask_1$, we have to pick some $\varB$ and establish the corresponding $\propB'$.
After closing, we will obtain $\propC$.

Using \ruleref{vs-trans} and \ruleref{Ht-atomic} (or the corresponding proof rules for fancy updates and weakest preconditions), we can show that it is possible to open an accessor around any view shift and any \emph{atomic} expression:
\begin{mathpar}
  \inferH{Acc-vs}
  {\prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \Exists\var. \propB * (\All\varB. \propB' \vsW[\mask_2][\mask_1] \propC) \and
   \All\var. \propB * \prop_F \vs[\mask_2] \Exists\varB. \propB' * \prop_F}
  {\prop * \prop_F \vs[\mask_1] \propC * \prop_F}

  \inferH{Acc-Ht}
  {\prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \Exists\var. \propB * (\All\varB. \propB' \vsW[\mask_2][\mask_1] \propC) \and
   \All\var. \hoare{\propB * \prop_F}\expr{\Exists\varB. \propB' * \prop_F}[\mask_2] \and
   \atomic(\expr)}
  {\hoare{\prop * \prop_F}\expr{\propC * \prop_F}[\mask_1]}
\end{mathpar}

Furthermore, in the special case that $\mask_1 = \mask_2$, the accessor can be opened around \emph{any} expression.
For this reason, we also call such accessors \emph{non-atomic}.

The reasons accessors are useful is that they let us talk about ``opening X'' (\eg ``opening invariants'') without having to care what X is opened around.
Furthermore, as we construct more sophisticated and more interesting things that can be opened (\eg invariants that can be ``cancelled'', or STSs), accessors become a useful interface that allows us to mix and match different abstractions in arbitrary ways.

For the special case that $\prop = \propC$ and $\propB = \propB'$, we use the following notation that avoids repetition:
\[ \Acc[\mask_1][\mask_2]\prop{\Ret x. \propB} \eqdef \prop \vs[\mask_1][\mask_2] \Exists\var. \propB * (\propB \vsW[\mask_2][\mask_1] \prop)  \]
This accessor is ``idempotent'' in the sense that it does not actually change the state.  After applying it, we get our $\prop$ back so we end up where we started.

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