list.v

(* Copyright (c) 2012-2015, Robbert Krebbers. *)
(* This file is distributed under the terms of the BSD license. *)
(** This file collects general purpose definitions and theorems on lists that
are not in the Coq standard library. *)
From Coq Require Export Permutation.
From stdpp Require Export numbers base option.
Set Default Proof Using "Type*".

Arguments length {_} _.
Arguments cons {_} _ _.
Arguments app {_} _ _.

Instance: Params (@length) 1.
Instance: Params (@cons) 1.
Instance: Params (@app) 1.

Notation tail := tl.
Notation take := firstn.
Notation drop := skipn.

Arguments tail {_} _.
Arguments take {_} !_ !_ /.
Arguments drop {_} !_ !_ /.

Instance: Params (@tail) 1.
Instance: Params (@take) 1.
Instance: Params (@drop) 1.

Arguments Permutation {_} _ _.
Arguments Forall_cons {_} _ _ _ _ _.
Remove Hints Permutation_cons : typeclass_instances.

Notation "(::)" := cons (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "( x ::)" := (cons x) (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "(:: l )" := (λ x, cons x l) (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "(++)" := app (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "( l ++)" := (app l) (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "(++ k )" := (λ l, app l k) (only parsing) : C_scope.

Infix "≡ₚ" := Permutation (at level 70, no associativity) : C_scope.
Notation "(≡ₚ)" := Permutation (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "( x ≡ₚ)" := (Permutation x) (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "(≡ₚ x )" := (λ y, y ≡ₚ x) (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "(≢ₚ)" := (λ x y, ¬x ≡ₚ y) (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "x ≢ₚ y":= (¬x ≡ₚ y) (at level 70, no associativity) : C_scope.
Notation "( x ≢ₚ)" := (λ y, x ≢ₚ y) (only parsing) : C_scope.
Notation "(≢ₚ x )" := (λ y, y ≢ₚ x) (only parsing) : C_scope.

Instance maybe_cons {A} : Maybe2 (@cons A) := λ l,
  match l with x :: l => Some (x,l) | _ => None end.

(** * Definitions *)
(** Setoid equality lifted to lists *)
Inductive list_equiv `{Equiv A} : Equiv (list A) :=
  | nil_equiv : [] ≡ []
  | cons_equiv x y l k : x ≡ y → l ≡ k → x :: l ≡ y :: k.
Existing Instance list_equiv.

(** The operation [l !! i] gives the [i]th element of the list [l], or [None]
in case [i] is out of bounds. *)
Instance list_lookup {A} : Lookup nat A (list A) :=
  fix go i l {struct l} : option A := let _ : Lookup _ _ _ := @go in
  match l with
  | [] => None | x :: l => match i with 0 => Some x | S i => l !! i end
  end.

(** The operation [alter f i l] applies the function [f] to the [i]th element
of [l]. In case [i] is out of bounds, the list is returned unchanged. *)
Instance list_alter {A} : Alter nat A (list A) := λ f,
  fix go i l {struct l} :=
  match l with
  | [] => []
  | x :: l => match i with 0 => f x :: l | S i => x :: go i l end
  end.

(** The operation [<[i:=x]> l] overwrites the element at position [i] with the
value [x]. In case [i] is out of bounds, the list is returned unchanged. *)
Instance list_insert {A} : Insert nat A (list A) :=
  fix go i y l {struct l} := let _ : Insert _ _ _ := @go in
  match l with
  | [] => []
  | x :: l => match i with 0 => y :: l | S i => x :: <[i:=y]>l end
  end.
Fixpoint list_inserts {A} (i : nat) (k l : list A) : list A :=
  match k with
  | [] => l
  | y :: k => <[i:=y]>(list_inserts (S i) k l)
  end.
Instance: Params (@list_inserts) 1.

(** The operation [delete i l] removes the [i]th element of [l] and moves
all consecutive elements one position ahead. In case [i] is out of bounds,
the list is returned unchanged. *)
Instance list_delete {A} : Delete nat (list A) :=
  fix go (i : nat) (l : list A) {struct l} : list A :=
  match l with
  | [] => []
  | x :: l => match i with 0 => l | S i => x :: @delete _ _ go i l end
  end.

(** The function [option_list o] converts an element [Some x] into the
singleton list [[x]], and [None] into the empty list [[]]. *)
Definition option_list {A} : option A → list A := option_rect _ (λ x, [x]) [].
Instance: Params (@option_list) 1.
Instance maybe_list_singleton {A} : Maybe (λ x : A, [x]) := λ l,
  match l with [x] => Some x | _ => None end.

(** The function [filter P l] returns the list of elements of [l] that
satisfies [P]. The order remains unchanged. *)
Instance list_filter {A} : Filter A (list A) :=
  fix go P _ l := let _ : Filter _ _ := @go in
  match l with
  | [] => []
  | x :: l => if decide (P x) then x :: filter P l else filter P l
  end.

(** The function [list_find P l] returns the first index [i] whose element
satisfies the predicate [P]. *)
Definition list_find {A} P `{∀ x, Decision (P x)} : list A → option (nat * A) :=
  fix go l :=
  match l with
  | [] => None
  | x :: l => if decide (P x) then Some (0,x) else prod_map S id <$> go l
  end.
Instance: Params (@list_find) 3.

(** The function [replicate n x] generates a list with length [n] of elements
with value [x]. *)
Fixpoint replicate {A} (n : nat) (x : A) : list A :=
  match n with 0 => [] | S n => x :: replicate n x end.
Instance: Params (@replicate) 2.

(** The function [reverse l] returns the elements of [l] in reverse order. *)
Definition reverse {A} (l : list A) : list A := rev_append l [].
Instance: Params (@reverse) 1.

(** The function [last l] returns the last element of the list [l], or [None]
if the list [l] is empty. *)
Fixpoint last {A} (l : list A) : option A :=
  match l with [] => None | [x] => Some x | _ :: l => last l end.
Instance: Params (@last) 1.

(** The function [resize n y l] takes the first [n] elements of [l] in case
[length l ≤ n], and otherwise appends elements with value [x] to [l] to obtain
a list of length [n]. *)
Fixpoint resize {A} (n : nat) (y : A) (l : list A) : list A :=
  match l with
  | [] => replicate n y
  | x :: l => match n with 0 => [] | S n => x :: resize n y l end
  end.
Arguments resize {_} !_ _ !_.
Instance: Params (@resize) 2.

(** The function [reshape k l] transforms [l] into a list of lists whose sizes
are specified by [k]. In case [l] is too short, the resulting list will be
padded with empty lists. In case [l] is too long, it will be truncated. *)
Fixpoint reshape {A} (szs : list nat) (l : list A) : list (list A) :=
  match szs with
  | [] => [] | sz :: szs => take sz l :: reshape szs (drop sz l)
  end.
Instance: Params (@reshape) 2.

Definition sublist_lookup {A} (i n : nat) (l : list A) : option (list A) :=
  guard (i + n ≤ length l); Some (take n (drop i l)).
Definition sublist_alter {A} (f : list A → list A)
    (i n : nat) (l : list A) : list A :=
  take i l ++ f (take n (drop i l)) ++ drop (i + n) l.

(** Functions to fold over a list. We redefine [foldl] with the arguments in
the same order as in Haskell. *)
Notation foldr := fold_right.
Definition foldl {A B} (f : A → B → A) : A → list B → A :=
  fix go a l := match l with [] => a | x :: l => go (f a x) l end.

(** The monadic operations. *)
Instance list_ret: MRet list := λ A x, x :: @nil A.
Instance list_fmap : FMap list := λ A B f,
  fix go (l : list A) := match l with [] => [] | x :: l => f x :: go l end.
Instance list_omap : OMap list := λ A B f,
  fix go (l : list A) :=
  match l with
  | [] => []
  | x :: l => match f x with Some y => y :: go l | None => go l end
  end.
Instance list_bind : MBind list := λ A B f,
  fix go (l : list A) := match l with [] => [] | x :: l => f x ++ go l end.
Instance list_join: MJoin list :=
  fix go A (ls : list (list A)) : list A :=
  match ls with [] => [] | l :: ls => l ++ @mjoin _ go _ ls end.
Definition mapM `{MBind M, MRet M} {A B} (f : A → M B) : list A → M (list B) :=
  fix go l :=
  match l with [] => mret [] | x :: l => y ← f x; k ← go l; mret (y :: k) end.

(** We define stronger variants of map and fold that allow the mapped
function to use the index of the elements. *)
Definition imap_go {A B} (f : nat → A → B) : nat → list A → list B :=
  fix go (n : nat) (l : list A) :=
  match l with [] => [] | x :: l => f n x :: go (S n) l end.
Definition imap {A B} (f : nat → A → B) : list A → list B := imap_go f 0.
Arguments imap : simpl never.

Definition zipped_map {A B} (f : list A → list A → A → B) :
  list A → list A → list B := fix go l k :=
  match k with [] => [] | x :: k => f l k x :: go (x :: l) k end.

Definition imap2_go {A B C} (f : nat → A → B → C) :
    nat → list A → list B → list C:=
  fix go (n : nat) (l : list A) (k : list B) :=
  match l, k with
  | [], _ |_, [] => [] | x :: l, y :: k => f n x y :: go (S n) l k
  end.
Definition imap2 {A B C} (f : nat → A → B → C) :
  list A → list B → list C := imap2_go f 0.

Inductive zipped_Forall {A} (P : list A → list A → A → Prop) :
    list A → list A → Prop :=
  | zipped_Forall_nil l : zipped_Forall P l []
  | zipped_Forall_cons l k x :
     P l k x → zipped_Forall P (x :: l) k → zipped_Forall P l (x :: k).
Arguments zipped_Forall_nil {_ _} _.
Arguments zipped_Forall_cons {_ _} _ _ _ _ _.

(** The function [mask f βs l] applies the function [f] to elements in [l] at
positions that are [true] in [βs]. *)
Fixpoint mask {A} (f : A → A) (βs : list bool) (l : list A) : list A :=
  match βs, l with
  | β :: βs, x :: l => (if β then f x else x) :: mask f βs l
  | _, _ => l
  end.

(** The function [permutations l] yields all permutations of [l]. *)
Fixpoint interleave {A} (x : A) (l : list A) : list (list A) :=
  match l with
  | [] => [[x]]| y :: l => (x :: y :: l) :: ((y ::) <$> interleave x l)
  end.
Fixpoint permutations {A} (l : list A) : list (list A) :=
  match l with [] => [[]] | x :: l => permutations l ≫= interleave x end.

(** The predicate [suffix_of] holds if the first list is a suffix of the second.
The predicate [prefix_of] holds if the first list is a prefix of the second. *)
Definition suffix_of {A} : relation (list A) := λ l1 l2, ∃ k, l2 = k ++ l1.
Definition prefix_of {A} : relation (list A) := λ l1 l2, ∃ k, l2 = l1 ++ k.
Infix "`suffix_of`" := suffix_of (at level 70) : C_scope.
Infix "`prefix_of`" := prefix_of (at level 70) : C_scope.
Hint Extern 0 (_ `prefix_of` _) => reflexivity.
Hint Extern 0 (_ `suffix_of` _) => reflexivity.

Section prefix_suffix_ops.
  Context `{EqDecision A}.

  Definition max_prefix_of : list A → list A → list A * list A * list A :=
    fix go l1 l2 :=
    match l1, l2 with
    | [], l2 => ([], l2, [])
    | l1, [] => (l1, [], [])
    | x1 :: l1, x2 :: l2 =>
      if decide_rel (=) x1 x2
      then prod_map id (x1 ::) (go l1 l2) else (x1 :: l1, x2 :: l2, [])
    end.
  Definition max_suffix_of (l1 l2 : list A) : list A * list A * list A :=
    match max_prefix_of (reverse l1) (reverse l2) with
    | (k1, k2, k3) => (reverse k1, reverse k2, reverse k3)
    end.
  Definition strip_prefix (l1 l2 : list A) := (max_prefix_of l1 l2).1.2.
  Definition strip_suffix (l1 l2 : list A) := (max_suffix_of l1 l2).1.2.
End prefix_suffix_ops.

(** A list [l1] is a sublist of [l2] if [l2] is obtained by removing elements
from [l1] without changing the order. *)
Inductive sublist {A} : relation (list A) :=
  | sublist_nil : sublist [] []
  | sublist_skip x l1 l2 : sublist l1 l2 → sublist (x :: l1) (x :: l2)
  | sublist_cons x l1 l2 : sublist l1 l2 → sublist l1 (x :: l2).
Infix "`sublist`" := sublist (at level 70) : C_scope.
Hint Extern 0 (_ `sublist` _) => reflexivity.

(** A list [l2] contains a list [l1] if [l2] is obtained by removing elements
from [l1] while possiblity changing the order. *)
Inductive contains {A} : relation (list A) :=
  | contains_nil : contains [] []
  | contains_skip x l1 l2 : contains l1 l2 → contains (x :: l1) (x :: l2)
  | contains_swap x y l : contains (y :: x :: l) (x :: y :: l)
  | contains_cons x l1 l2 : contains l1 l2 → contains l1 (x :: l2)
  | contains_trans l1 l2 l3 : contains l1 l2 → contains l2 l3 → contains l1 l3.
Infix "`contains`" := contains (at level 70) : C_scope.
Hint Extern 0 (_ `contains` _) => reflexivity.

Section contains_dec_help.
  Context `{EqDecision A}.
  Fixpoint list_remove (x : A) (l : list A) : option (list A) :=
    match l with
    | [] => None
    | y :: l => if decide (x = y) then Some l else (y ::) <$> list_remove x l
    end.
  Fixpoint list_remove_list (k : list A) (l : list A) : option (list A) :=
    match k with
    | [] => Some l | x :: k => list_remove x l ≫= list_remove_list k
    end.
End contains_dec_help.

Inductive Forall3 {A B C} (P : A → B → C → Prop) :
     list A → list B → list C → Prop :=
  | Forall3_nil : Forall3 P [] [] []
  | Forall3_cons x y z l k k' :
     P x y z → Forall3 P l k k' → Forall3 P (x :: l) (y :: k) (z :: k').

(** Set operations on lists *)
Instance list_subseteq {A} : SubsetEq (list A) := λ l1 l2, ∀ x, x ∈ l1 → x ∈ l2.

Section list_set.
  Context `{dec : EqDecision A}.
  Global Instance elem_of_list_dec (x : A) : ∀ l, Decision (x ∈ l).
  Proof.
   refine (
    fix go l :=
    match l return Decision (x ∈ l) with
    | [] => right _
    | y :: l => cast_if_or (decide (x = y)) (go l)
    end); clear go dec; subst; try (by constructor); abstract by inversion 1.
  Defined.
  Fixpoint remove_dups (l : list A) : list A :=
    match l with
    | [] => []
    | x :: l =>
      if decide_rel (∈) x l then remove_dups l else x :: remove_dups l
    end.
  Fixpoint list_difference (l k : list A) : list A :=
    match l with
    | [] => []
    | x :: l =>
      if decide_rel (∈) x k
      then list_difference l k else x :: list_difference l k
    end.
  Definition list_union (l k : list A) : list A := list_difference l k ++ k.
  Fixpoint list_intersection (l k : list A) : list A :=
    match l with
    | [] => []
    | x :: l =>
      if decide_rel (∈) x k
      then x :: list_intersection l k else list_intersection l k
    end.
  Definition list_intersection_with (f : A → A → option A) :
    list A → list A → list A := fix go l k :=
    match l with
    | [] => []
    | x :: l => foldr (λ y,
        match f x y with None => id | Some z => (z ::) end) (go l k) k
    end.
End list_set.

(** * Basic tactics on lists *)
(** The tactic [discriminate_list] discharges a goal if it contains
a list equality involving [(::)] and [(++)] of two lists that have a different
length as one of its hypotheses. *)
Tactic Notation "discriminate_list" hyp(H) :=
  apply (f_equal length) in H;
  repeat (csimpl in H || rewrite app_length in H); exfalso; lia.
Tactic Notation "discriminate_list" :=
  match goal with H : @eq (list _) _ _ |- _ => discriminate_list H end.

(** The tactic [simplify_list_eq] simplifies hypotheses involving
equalities on lists using injectivity of [(::)] and [(++)]. Also, it simplifies
lookups in singleton lists. *)
Lemma app_inj_1 {A} (l1 k1 l2 k2 : list A) :
  length l1 = length k1 → l1 ++ l2 = k1 ++ k2 → l1 = k1 ∧ l2 = k2.
Proof. revert k1. induction l1; intros [|??]; naive_solver. Qed.
Lemma app_inj_2 {A} (l1 k1 l2 k2 : list A) :
  length l2 = length k2 → l1 ++ l2 = k1 ++ k2 → l1 = k1 ∧ l2 = k2.
Proof.
  intros ? Hl. apply app_inj_1; auto.
  apply (f_equal length) in Hl. rewrite !app_length in Hl. lia.
Qed.
Ltac simplify_list_eq :=
  repeat match goal with
  | _ => progress simplify_eq/=
  | H : _ ++ _ = _ ++ _ |- _ => first
    [ apply app_inv_head in H | apply app_inv_tail in H
    | apply app_inj_1 in H; [destruct H|done]
    | apply app_inj_2 in H; [destruct H|done] ]
  | H : [?x] !! ?i = Some ?y |- _ =>
    destruct i; [change (Some x = Some y) in H | discriminate]
  end.

(** * General theorems *)
Section general_properties.
Context {A : Type}.
Implicit Types x y z : A.
Implicit Types l k : list A.

Global Instance: Inj2 (=) (=) (=) (@cons A).
Proof. by injection 1. Qed.
Global Instance: ∀ k, Inj (=) (=) (k ++).
Proof. intros ???. apply app_inv_head. Qed.
Global Instance: ∀ k, Inj (=) (=) (++ k).
Proof. intros ???. apply app_inv_tail. Qed.
Global Instance: Assoc (=) (@app A).
Proof. intros ???. apply app_assoc. Qed.
Global Instance: LeftId (=) [] (@app A).
Proof. done. Qed.
Global Instance: RightId (=) [] (@app A).
Proof. intro. apply app_nil_r. Qed.

Lemma app_nil l1 l2 : l1 ++ l2 = [] ↔ l1 = [] ∧ l2 = [].
Proof. split. apply app_eq_nil. by intros [-> ->]. Qed.
Lemma app_singleton l1 l2 x :
  l1 ++ l2 = [x] ↔ l1 = [] ∧ l2 = [x] ∨ l1 = [x] ∧ l2 = [].
Proof. split. apply app_eq_unit. by intros [[-> ->]|[-> ->]]. Qed.
Lemma cons_middle x l1 l2 : l1 ++ x :: l2 = l1 ++ [x] ++ l2.
Proof. done. Qed.
Lemma list_eq l1 l2 : (∀ i, l1 !! i = l2 !! i) → l1 = l2.
Proof.
  revert l2. induction l1 as [|x l1 IH]; intros [|y l2] H.
  - done.
  - discriminate (H 0).
  - discriminate (H 0).
  - f_equal; [by injection (H 0)|]. apply (IH _ $ λ i, H (S i)).
Qed.
Global Instance list_eq_dec {dec : EqDecision A} : EqDecision (list A) :=
  list_eq_dec dec.
Global Instance list_eq_nil_dec l : Decision (l = []).
Proof. by refine match l with [] => left _ | _ => right _ end. Defined.
Lemma list_singleton_reflect l :
  option_reflect (λ x, l = [x]) (length l ≠ 1) (maybe (λ x, [x]) l).
Proof. by destruct l as [|? []]; constructor. Defined.

Definition nil_length : length (@nil A) = 0 := eq_refl.
Definition cons_length x l : length (x :: l) = S (length l) := eq_refl.
Lemma nil_or_length_pos l : l = [] ∨ length l ≠ 0.
Proof. destruct l; simpl; auto with lia. Qed.
Lemma nil_length_inv l : length l = 0 → l = [].
Proof. by destruct l. Qed.
Lemma lookup_nil i : @nil A !! i = None.
Proof. by destruct i. Qed.
Lemma lookup_tail l i : tail l !! i = l !! S i.
Proof. by destruct l. Qed.
Lemma lookup_lt_Some l i x : l !! i = Some x → i < length l.
Proof. revert i. induction l; intros [|?] ?; naive_solver auto with arith. Qed.
Lemma lookup_lt_is_Some_1 l i : is_Some (l !! i) → i < length l.
Proof. intros [??]; eauto using lookup_lt_Some. Qed.
Lemma lookup_lt_is_Some_2 l i : i < length l → is_Some (l !! i).
Proof. revert i. induction l; intros [|?] ?; naive_solver eauto with lia. Qed.
Lemma lookup_lt_is_Some l i : is_Some (l !! i) ↔ i < length l.
Proof. split; auto using lookup_lt_is_Some_1, lookup_lt_is_Some_2. Qed.
Lemma lookup_ge_None l i : l !! i = None ↔ length l ≤ i.
Proof. rewrite eq_None_not_Some, lookup_lt_is_Some. lia. Qed.
Lemma lookup_ge_None_1 l i : l !! i = None → length l ≤ i.
Proof. by rewrite lookup_ge_None. Qed.
Lemma lookup_ge_None_2 l i : length l ≤ i → l !! i = None.
Proof. by rewrite lookup_ge_None. Qed.
Lemma list_eq_same_length l1 l2 n :
  length l2 = n → length l1 = n →
  (∀ i x y, i < n → l1 !! i = Some x → l2 !! i = Some y → x = y) → l1 = l2.
Proof.
  intros <- Hlen Hl; apply list_eq; intros i. destruct (l2 !! i) as [x|] eqn:Hx.
  - destruct (lookup_lt_is_Some_2 l1 i) as [y Hy].
    { rewrite Hlen; eauto using lookup_lt_Some. }
    rewrite Hy; f_equal; apply (Hl i); eauto using lookup_lt_Some.
  - by rewrite lookup_ge_None, Hlen, <-lookup_ge_None.
Qed.
Lemma lookup_app_l l1 l2 i : i < length l1 → (l1 ++ l2) !! i = l1 !! i.
Proof. revert i. induction l1; intros [|?]; naive_solver auto with lia. Qed.
Lemma lookup_app_l_Some l1 l2 i x : l1 !! i = Some x → (l1 ++ l2) !! i = Some x.
Proof. intros. rewrite lookup_app_l; eauto using lookup_lt_Some. Qed.
Lemma lookup_app_r l1 l2 i :
  length l1 ≤ i → (l1 ++ l2) !! i = l2 !! (i - length l1).
Proof. revert i. induction l1; intros [|?]; simpl; auto with lia. Qed.
Lemma lookup_app_Some l1 l2 i x :
  (l1 ++ l2) !! i = Some x ↔
    l1 !! i = Some x ∨ length l1 ≤ i ∧ l2 !! (i - length l1) = Some x.
Proof.
  split.
  - revert i. induction l1 as [|y l1 IH]; intros [|i] ?;
      simplify_eq/=; auto with lia.
    destruct (IH i) as [?|[??]]; auto with lia.
  - intros [?|[??]]; auto using lookup_app_l_Some. by rewrite lookup_app_r.
Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_middle l1 l2 x n :
  n = length l1 → (l1 ++ x :: l2) !! n = Some x.
Proof. intros ->. by induction l1. Qed.

Lemma nth_lookup l i d : nth i l d = from_option id d (l !! i).
Proof. revert i. induction l as [|x l IH]; intros [|i]; simpl; auto. Qed.
Lemma nth_lookup_Some l i d x : l !! i = Some x → nth i l d = x.
Proof. rewrite nth_lookup. by intros ->. Qed.
Lemma nth_lookup_or_length l i d : {l !! i = Some (nth i l d)} + {length l ≤ i}.
Proof.
  rewrite nth_lookup. destruct (l !! i) eqn:?; eauto using lookup_ge_None_1.
Qed.

Lemma list_insert_alter l i x : <[i:=x]>l = alter (λ _, x) i l.
Proof. by revert i; induction l; intros []; intros; f_equal/=. Qed.
Lemma alter_length f l i : length (alter f i l) = length l.
Proof. revert i. by induction l; intros [|?]; f_equal/=. Qed.
Lemma insert_length l i x : length (<[i:=x]>l) = length l.
Proof. revert i. by induction l; intros [|?]; f_equal/=. Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_alter f l i : alter f i l !! i = f <$> l !! i.
Proof. revert i. induction l. done. intros [|i]. done. apply (IHl i). Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_alter_ne f l i j : i ≠ j → alter f i l !! j = l !! j.
Proof. revert i j. induction l; [done|]. intros [] []; naive_solver. Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_insert l i x : i < length l → <[i:=x]>l !! i = Some x.
Proof. revert i. induction l; intros [|?] ?; f_equal/=; auto with lia. Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_insert_ne l i j x : i ≠ j → <[i:=x]>l !! j = l !! j.
Proof. revert i j. induction l; [done|]. intros [] []; naive_solver. Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_insert_Some l i x j y :
  <[i:=x]>l !! j = Some y ↔
    i = j ∧ x = y ∧ j < length l ∨ i ≠ j ∧ l !! j = Some y.
Proof.
  destruct (decide (i = j)) as [->|];
    [split|rewrite list_lookup_insert_ne by done; tauto].
  - intros Hy. assert (j < length l).
    { rewrite <-(insert_length l j x); eauto using lookup_lt_Some. }
    rewrite list_lookup_insert in Hy by done; naive_solver.
  - intros [(?&?&?)|[??]]; rewrite ?list_lookup_insert; naive_solver.
Qed.
Lemma list_insert_commute l i j x y :
  i ≠ j → <[i:=x]>(<[j:=y]>l) = <[j:=y]>(<[i:=x]>l).
Proof. revert i j. by induction l; intros [|?] [|?] ?; f_equal/=; auto. Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_other l i x :
  length l ≠ 1 → l !! i = Some x → ∃ j y, j ≠ i ∧ l !! j = Some y.
Proof.
  intros. destruct i, l as [|x0 [|x1 l]]; simplify_eq/=.
  - by exists 1, x1.
  - by exists 0, x0.
Qed.
Lemma alter_app_l f l1 l2 i :
  i < length l1 → alter f i (l1 ++ l2) = alter f i l1 ++ l2.
Proof. revert i. induction l1; intros [|?] ?; f_equal/=; auto with lia. Qed.
Lemma alter_app_r f l1 l2 i :
  alter f (length l1 + i) (l1 ++ l2) = l1 ++ alter f i l2.
Proof. revert i. induction l1; intros [|?]; f_equal/=; auto. Qed.
Lemma alter_app_r_alt f l1 l2 i :
  length l1 ≤ i → alter f i (l1 ++ l2) = l1 ++ alter f (i - length l1) l2.
Proof.
  intros. assert (i = length l1 + (i - length l1)) as Hi by lia.
  rewrite Hi at 1. by apply alter_app_r.
Qed.
Lemma list_alter_id f l i : (∀ x, f x = x) → alter f i l = l.
Proof. intros ?. revert i. induction l; intros [|?]; f_equal/=; auto. Qed.
Lemma list_alter_ext f g l k i :
  (∀ x, l !! i = Some x → f x = g x) → l = k → alter f i l = alter g i k.
Proof. intros H ->. revert i H. induction k; intros [|?] ?; f_equal/=; auto. Qed.
Lemma list_alter_compose f g l i :
  alter (f ∘ g) i l = alter f i (alter g i l).
Proof. revert i. induction l; intros [|?]; f_equal/=; auto. Qed.
Lemma list_alter_commute f g l i j :
  i ≠ j → alter f i (alter g j l) = alter g j (alter f i l).
Proof. revert i j. induction l; intros [|?][|?] ?; f_equal/=; auto with lia. Qed.
Lemma insert_app_l l1 l2 i x :
  i < length l1 → <[i:=x]>(l1 ++ l2) = <[i:=x]>l1 ++ l2.
Proof. revert i. induction l1; intros [|?] ?; f_equal/=; auto with lia. Qed.
Lemma insert_app_r l1 l2 i x : <[length l1+i:=x]>(l1 ++ l2) = l1 ++ <[i:=x]>l2.
Proof. revert i. induction l1; intros [|?]; f_equal/=; auto. Qed.
Lemma insert_app_r_alt l1 l2 i x :
  length l1 ≤ i → <[i:=x]>(l1 ++ l2) = l1 ++ <[i - length l1:=x]>l2.
Proof.
  intros. assert (i = length l1 + (i - length l1)) as Hi by lia.
  rewrite Hi at 1. by apply insert_app_r.
Qed.
Lemma delete_middle l1 l2 x : delete (length l1) (l1 ++ x :: l2) = l1 ++ l2.
Proof. induction l1; f_equal/=; auto. Qed.

Lemma inserts_length l i k : length (list_inserts i k l) = length l.
Proof.
  revert i. induction k; intros ?; csimpl; rewrite ?insert_length; auto.
Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_inserts l i k j :
  i ≤ j < i + length k → j < length l →
  list_inserts i k l !! j = k !! (j - i).
Proof.
  revert i j. induction k as [|y k IH]; csimpl; intros i j ??; [lia|].
  destruct (decide (i = j)) as [->|].
  { by rewrite list_lookup_insert, Nat.sub_diag
      by (rewrite inserts_length; lia). }
  rewrite list_lookup_insert_ne, IH by lia.
  by replace (j - i) with (S (j - S i)) by lia.
Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_inserts_lt l i k j :
  j < i → list_inserts i k l !! j = l !! j.
Proof.
  revert i j. induction k; intros i j ?; csimpl;
    rewrite ?list_lookup_insert_ne by lia; auto with lia.
Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_inserts_ge l i k j :
  i + length k ≤ j → list_inserts i k l !! j = l !! j.
Proof.
  revert i j. induction k; csimpl; intros i j ?;
    rewrite ?list_lookup_insert_ne by lia; auto with lia.
Qed.
Lemma list_lookup_inserts_Some l i k j y :
  list_inserts i k l !! j = Some y ↔
    (j < i ∨ i + length k ≤ j) ∧ l !! j = Some y ∨
    i ≤ j < i + length k ∧ j < length l ∧ k !! (j - i) = Some y.
Proof.
  destruct (decide (j < i)).
  { rewrite list_lookup_inserts_lt by done; intuition lia. }
  destruct (decide (i + length k ≤ j)).
  { rewrite list_lookup_inserts_ge by done; intuition lia. }
  split.
  - intros Hy. assert (j < length l).
    { rewrite <-(inserts_length l i k); eauto using lookup_lt_Some. }
    rewrite list_lookup_inserts in Hy by lia. intuition lia.
  - intuition. by rewrite list_lookup_inserts by lia.
Qed.
Lemma list_insert_inserts_lt l i j x k :
  i < j → <[i:=x]>(list_inserts j k l) = list_inserts j k (<[i:=x]>l).
Proof.
  revert i j. induction k; intros i j ?; simpl;
    rewrite 1?list_insert_commute by lia; auto with f_equal.
Qed.

(** ** Properties of the [elem_of] predicate *)
Lemma not_elem_of_nil x : x ∉ [].
Proof. by inversion 1. Qed.
Lemma elem_of_nil x : x ∈ [] ↔ False.
Proof. intuition. by destruct (not_elem_of_nil x). Qed.
Lemma elem_of_nil_inv l : (∀ x, x ∉ l) → l = [].
Proof. destruct l. done. by edestruct 1; constructor. Qed.
Lemma elem_of_not_nil x l : x ∈ l → l ≠ [].
Proof. intros ? ->. by apply (elem_of_nil x). Qed.
Lemma elem_of_cons l x y : x ∈ y :: l ↔ x = y ∨ x ∈ l.
Proof. by split; [inversion 1; subst|intros [->|?]]; constructor. Qed.
Lemma not_elem_of_cons l x y : x ∉ y :: l ↔ x ≠ y ∧ x ∉ l.
Proof. rewrite elem_of_cons. tauto. Qed.
Lemma elem_of_app l1 l2 x : x ∈ l1 ++ l2 ↔ x ∈ l1 ∨ x ∈ l2.
Proof.
  induction l1.
  - split; [by right|]. intros [Hx|]; [|done]. by destruct (elem_of_nil x).
  - simpl. rewrite !elem_of_cons, IHl1. tauto.
Qed.
Lemma not_elem_of_app l1 l2 x : x ∉ l1 ++ l2 ↔ x ∉ l1 ∧ x ∉ l2.
Proof. rewrite elem_of_app. tauto. Qed.
Lemma elem_of_list_singleton x y : x ∈ [y] ↔ x = y.
Proof. rewrite elem_of_cons, elem_of_nil. tauto. Qed.
Global Instance elem_of_list_permutation_proper x : Proper ((≡ₚ) ==> iff) (x ∈).
Proof. induction 1; rewrite ?elem_of_nil, ?elem_of_cons; intuition. Qed.
Lemma elem_of_list_split l x : x ∈ l → ∃ l1 l2, l = l1 ++ x :: l2.
Proof.
  induction 1 as [x l|x y l ? [l1 [l2 ->]]]; [by eexists [], l|].
  by exists (y :: l1), l2.
Qed.
Lemma elem_of_list_lookup_1 l x : x ∈ l → ∃ i, l !! i = Some x.
Proof.
  induction 1 as [|???? IH]; [by exists 0 |].
  destruct IH as [i ?]; auto. by exists (S i).
Qed.
Lemma elem_of_list_lookup_2 l i x : l !! i = Some x → x ∈ l.
Proof.
  revert i. induction l; intros [|i] ?; simplify_eq/=; constructor; eauto.
Qed.
Lemma elem_of_list_lookup l x : x ∈ l ↔ ∃ i, l !! i = Some x.
Proof. firstorder eauto using elem_of_list_lookup_1, elem_of_list_lookup_2. Qed.
Lemma elem_of_list_omap {B} (f : A → option B) l (y : B) :
  y ∈ omap f l ↔ ∃ x, x ∈ l ∧ f x = Some y.
Proof.
  split.
  - induction l as [|x l]; csimpl; repeat case_match; inversion 1; subst;
      setoid_rewrite elem_of_cons; naive_solver.
  - intros (x&Hx&?). by induction Hx; csimpl; repeat case_match;
      simplify_eq; try constructor; auto.
Qed.

(** ** Properties of the [NoDup] predicate *)
Lemma NoDup_nil : NoDup (@nil A) ↔ True.
Proof. split; constructor. Qed.
Lemma NoDup_cons x l : NoDup (x :: l) ↔ x ∉ l ∧ NoDup l.
Proof. split. by inversion 1. intros [??]. by constructor. Qed.
Lemma NoDup_cons_11 x l : NoDup (x :: l) → x ∉ l.
Proof. rewrite NoDup_cons. by intros [??]. Qed.
Lemma NoDup_cons_12 x l : NoDup (x :: l) → NoDup l.
Proof. rewrite NoDup_cons. by intros [??]. Qed.
Lemma NoDup_singleton x : NoDup [x].
Proof. constructor. apply not_elem_of_nil. constructor. Qed.